The Lancia Ro, Lancia Ro-Ro and Lancia 3Ro were 4x2 heavy trucks built by Italian manufacturer Lancia from the 1930s through the 1940s for military and civilian use. The 2-cylinder diesel Ro was produced from 1933 to 1939, the 3-cylinder diesel Ro-Ro from 1935 to 1939 and the improved 5-cylinder diesel 3Ro from 1938 to 1947.
Ro and 3Ro saw extensive military service during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and World War II, chiefly as two of the main heavy trucks of the Royal Italian Army.
The Lancia Ro (or 264) was the first of a family of Lancia 4x2 heavy trucks, starting in 1933. The Ro was built with two versions, a three-cylinder gasoline (BM) engine or a two-cylinder diesel (Nm) engine. The Ro was particularly robust truck, considered reliable, requiring little maintenance, and easy to drive. It was the first Italian truck to receive a 4 speed transmission.
The Ro NM (for Nafta Militare or "diesel, military") military truck was produced in 3,056 units from 1934 to 1938, and eventually replaced by the improved 3Ro.
Built by Lancia under license from German firm Junkers, the Tipo 89 engine fitted to the Ro was a compact 3,180 cc (194 cu in), four opposed-piston, straight-two cylinder, two-stroke diesel. It developed 64 hp (48 kW) at 1,500 rpm.The transmission used a Tipo 126 4-speed plus reverse manual transmission complemented by a low range gearing, for a total of 8 forward and 2 reverse speeds.
From 1933 to 1939 429 civilian Ro trucks were built. This version differed mechanically from the military type mainly for its wider tracks front and rear, as well for the availability of a longer 4,250 mm (167.3 in) wheelbase alongside the normal version.
From 1934 to 1938 Lancia built 1701 military type Ros fitted with a petrol engine, intended for colonial duty—the Ro BM (364), for Benzina Militare or "petrol, military".
Its Tipo 98 petrol engine was a side valve 5,120 cc (312 cu in) inline-four, developing 65 hp (48 kW) at 1,700 rpm.
The Lancia Ro-Ro (265) was an improved civilian-only, longer wheelbase (4,650 mm or 183.1 in) version of the Ro fitted with a Lancia-developed three cylinder version of the Lancia-Junkers two-cylinder diesel. It was built from 1935 to 1939 in 302 examples.
The Ro-Ro was powered by a Tipo 90 4,770 cc (291 cu in) inline-three cylinders, opposed piston, two-stroke diesel developing 95 hp (71 kW) at 1,500 rpm.
From 1934 to 1938 the Royal Italian Army acquired 4,757 Lancia Ros which were equipped with pneumatic tires where it was used to transport artillery and light tanks.
The Royal Italian Army deployed the Lancia Ro for the first time in North Africa in 1935–1936. The 228 Ro's sent there gave full satisfaction to the Italian Army. Ro's traveled over roads and tracks in all temperatures; and did not encounter difficulty in the mountain routes where grades can reach 25%. In Spain Ro's still proved reliable on roads, but its capacities over ground were very limited.
The Lancia Ro was used by Royal Italian Army and Wehrmacht in World War II in all theaters of the war.
The Lancia 3Ro 4x2 heavy truck evolved from the earlier Lancia Ro by receiving a stronger five cylinder engine to replace two and three cylinder engines, pneumatic tires and an improved transmission; it is best known for its role as one of the main Royal Italian Army in World War II. The Lancia 3 Ro’s design was simple, functional and was considered the most reliable heavy truck of the Royal Italian Army in World War II serving in all theatres of the war.
Besides the diesel military model, the 3Ro was also built in civilian versions, with petrol and gas engines, as well as in extended wheelbase coach chassis. Production of the 3Ro chassis began in 1939, continued throughout the Second World War and finally ended in 1949, when it was superseded by the Lancia Esatau.
The 3Ro used a ladder frame and leaf spring-suspended solid axles front and rear.
Powering diesel 3Ro was a Lancia Tipo 102 6,875 cc (420 cu in) straight-five diesel engine, with two parallel overhead valves per cylinder, which developed 93 hp (69 kW) at 1,860 rpm.Like on the Ro the transmission used a 4-speed plus reverse gearbox complemented by a low range gearing, for a total of 8 forward and 2 reverse speeds.
Brakes were servo-assisted, mechanically-operated drums on all four wheels, plus hydraulic emergency hand brake also on all four wheels.
The 3Ro NM (564B), for Nafta Militare or "diesel, military", military truck was produced in 9,490 units from 1938 to 1943. It was built with a 4,300 mm (169.3 in) wheelbase.
The civilian 3Ro (564) truck was produced in 1,307 units from 1938 to 1945. Mechanically the chassis was identical to the military version.
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